Have You Any Wool?

Thomas Kelly, my great-grandfather (x5), was a sheep herder and 'proprietor of land.' 

He raised these rare Manx Loaghtan sheep, which can have as many as 6 horns!

The first industry to be transformed in Great Britain was textile production. Before industrialization, every step of cloth making had to be done by hand. The raw fiber, like wool and cotton, had to be cleaned and untangled. The fibers had to be twisted into thread. Then the threads had to be woven into cloth. Each step was laborious and time-consuming. Skilled artisans used simple tools and equipment to make cloth at home.

READ CHAPTER 16 SECTION 1:  GREAT BRITAIN LEADS THE WAY

1. List the factors that allowed Britain to become the first nation to industrialize.
2. Write a one-sentence summary of how the textile industry in Great Britain changed throughout the 1700s.
3. Describe the resources and transportation system in Great Britain.

Working In a Coal Mine

THE YEAR IS 1710.

You own a coal mine.

Your mine is becoming more profitable—but there is a problem:

Water keeps flooding the mine.

How could you get the water out?

Possible answers:

Buckets
Pumps
People
Horses
Digging drainage tunnels
Some kind of machine

In this picture my dad is 2 years old, sitting on my grandfather's lap. His grandfather Lawrence is kneeling next to them, and his great-grandfather (my great-great-grandfather) William sits behind. William left the Isle of Man to come to America in 1890. William's father, John Robert (my great-great-grandfather) was a miner and worked in this lead/silver mine in a town called Laxey. The mine became famous for this giant wheel used to pump water from the deep shafts. 

It's the largest operating water wheel in the world.

Who was James Watt and how did his steam engine improve on Newcomen's design?

The American Cincinnatus

What makes a revolution successful: winning power or knowing when to give it up?

"You have often heard him compared to Cincinnatus," the French traveller Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville wrote after visiting George Washington at Mount Vernon in 1788. "The comparison is doubtless just. The celebrated General is nothing more at present than a good farmer, constantly occupied in the care of his farm and the improvement of cultivation."

Can you imagine Julius Caesar willingly turning back power? History is littered with examples of military men who seized power and were reluctant to give it up. Yet two remarkable individuals, separated by 2,000 years, both made the decision to give up near-absolute authority in favor of life as a citizen. George Washington, America’s first president, and Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, an early Roman statesman, lived dramatically different lives, but both understood the nature and importance of civic virtue. Washington’s decision to not seek a third term as president set a lasting precedent for the peaceful transition of power that endures today.

1) Who was Cincinnatus? 

2) Why was George Washington called the Cincinnatus of the West?

3) What precedent did George Washington set and why is it still so important today?

4) What do you think Washington would say about this statue that makes him look like Zeus?

5) How did the city of Cincinnati get its name? 

Napoleon

What is a coup d'etat?

Napoleon Bonaparte was an "enlightened despot"—an absolute ruler who used the rational, progressive ideas of the Enlightenment to shape his laws and government, even while holding supreme authoritarian power. Historians often debate whether his actions truly served freedom or just efficient control. He promoted both liberty through legal reform and tyranny through authoritarian rule.

Was Napoleon an Enlightenment leader—or did he betray the ideals of the Enlightenment?

Off With Their Heads!

The French Revolution is a period where one can typically find little to laugh about, unless the mass slaughter of tens-of-thousands of people tickles your historical fancy or massages your deep-seeded hate for European aristocracy. The bloody period did much to shape modern world politics, abolished slavery in French-held territories and opened the door to the rise to Napoleon Bonaparte, but the popular symbol that lingers in most people’s minds is the guillotine.

Developed as an efficient and humane manner of execution, the guillotine was a perfect symbol for the Age of Enlightenment-fuelled violence of the French Revolution — a combination of vicious violence and modern invention. Executions of King Louis XVI, Queen Marie Antoinette and countless other nobles and members of the ruling class were public events during the Reign of Terror of the Revolutionary period. Ironically, Maximilien Robespierre, one of the architects of the Reign of Terror would also meet his death at the guillotine when public sentiment turned against the violence of the era. Beyond the French Revolution, the guillotine would remain a prominent mode of execution for prisoners worldwide and a mode of terror for governments such as the German Third Reich well into the late 20th-century.

In Guillotine, you will take on the role of rival executioners competing for the public's favor during the French Revolution.The mechanics mirror the chaotic, unpredictable nature of the historical Reign of Terror (1793–1794). During this period, the political winds shifted so violently that a faction leader could go from directing the executions to being executed themselves the very next day. The game captures this through "Action" cards that represent bribes, shifting crowd moods, and sudden bureaucratic interventions that arbitrarily change who is next on the chopping block.

1) What was the most valuable head in your basket? Least?  What did the game suggest about the relationship between power and survival?

2) Did you win or lose?  Why?  What would you do differently if you played again?

3) What was one important difference between the game and the real French Revolution?

4) Why did the Reign of Terror eventually turn against people who had supported the Revolution?

5) How can a revolution that begins by demanding liberty and equality end up restricting people's freedom?

Let Them Eat Cake!

Did Marie Antoinette really say “LET THEM EAT CAKE?!”

Now, I know what some of you are thinking, “Of course she didn’t, she spoke French!” But, in fact, she didn’t say “Qu’ils mangent de la brioche” either. This saying in France actually pre-dated her arrival there by anywhere from about thirty years to as much as a century!

So how did this saying get attributed to Marie Antoinette? Primarily, because the people of France loathed her. If you read up on her history, you’ll find most of this loathing was primarily because she was an easy and very visible target to vent their rage against the French aristocracy on.

🍰 Possible Ingredients for a French Revolution Cake

Ingredient	Possible “Amount”	What It Represents
👑 Absolute Monarchy	5 cups	The king held enormous political power
💰 Government Debt	6 lbs.	France was deeply in debt, including from wars
💸 High Taxes on the Third Estate	5 cups	Common people carried much of the tax burden
⚖️ Social Inequality	7 lbs.	The Three Estates had very unequal privileges
👨‍🌾 Angry Peasants	5 cups	Peasants faced taxes, dues, and economic hardship
🍞 Bread Shortages	6 loaves	Rising food prices created hardship and anger
📈 Rising Bread Prices	4 cups	Ordinary people struggled to afford food
💡 Enlightenment Ideas	6 tablespoons	Ideas about liberty, equality, rights, and government
🗣️ Demand for Political Representation	5 cups	The Third Estate wanted greater political influence
👑 Louis XVI's Weak Leadership	3 cups	Problems of leadership and difficulty addressing the crisis
👸 Marie Antoinette	2 cups	Public criticism of the monarchy and royal extravagance
🏰 Privileges of the First & Second Estates	6 lbs.	Clergy and nobility enjoyed important privileges
🧾 Unfair Tax System	6 cups	Taxes were distributed unevenly among estates
🌾 Poor Harvests	4 cups	Bad harvests contributed to food shortages
🏛️ Estates-General	3 cups	Its meeting helped bring the political crisis into the open
📜 Declaration of the Rights of Man	3 tablespoons	Revolutionary ideas about rights and equality
🇺🇸 American Revolution	2 cups	Provided an example of revolution and republican government
🗞️ Pamphlets & Newspapers	2 cups	Spread political ideas and criticism
😡 Public Anger	7 cups	Growing frustration with government and inequality
🏰 Storming of the Bastille	2 cups	A major early revolutionary event
🔥 Fear of Counter-Revolution	2 cups	Fear that enemies would destroy the revolution

Do You Hear the People Sing?

While American delegates were gathered at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, the seeds of another revolution were being planted across the Atlantic Ocean. Like the American Revolution, the French Revolution was inspired by Enlightenment philosophers and a dedication to the ideals of liberty and equality.

Exorbitantly high taxes, national debt, and a mostly apathetic monarch pushed the French working class and peasantry to demand changes. When these demands were not met, radicals chose instead to dissolve the government and form an entirely new one. The French Revolution was a radical assault on France's traditional institutions—the monarchy, the Church, feudalism—and thoroughly transformed French society.

How did the French Revolution end the blood reign of kings in France and lay the foundation for a new republican system of government?

We the People...

DBQ: How can understanding the principles of the Constitution help citizens participate effectively in a democratic society?

Over the past several decades, the checks-and-balances of our government have been increasingly tested in ways our founding fathers never anticipated. How has the US Constitution changed over time and continued to remain eternal ?

Why is it so difficult to amend the Constitution? 

What was the last meaningful attempt to amend the Constitution?

Joeseph Plumb Martin: The Experiences of a Common Soldier

Washington could command the army—but who actually had to fight the war?

Would you join?  Why or why not?

Who was Joseph Plumb Martin? What was his experience? Would it change your opinion?

If ordinary people were essential to winning the Revolution, what did they have the right to expect from the new government after the Revolution was over?

Why George Washington?

 

The Obvious Choice to Lead the Continental Army

Now that we've studied the leaders of revolutionary movements in England, France, and Latin America, let's take a look at George Washington and why he was uniquely qualified to lead the Continental Army during the American Revolution.  Watch the video linked above and then type your answers to these questions:

1) What previous experience did George Washington have in leading troops?

2) What colony was Washington from?

3) Why were some of the delegates at the Second Continental Congress hoping to have someone from Washington’s colony be commander?

4) How did Washington gain his wealth?

5) What did Washington wear to the Second Continental Congress that might have shown his “ambition” to be Commander?

6) What does the video say about Washington’s height? Why do you think his height affected what people thought of him?

7) List two adjectives that historians used to describe Washington’s character.

8) Washington was described as having a “ruthless and intense focus.” What does this mean to you?

9) What makes a good leader?

10) Think about some of the characteristics that you said make a good leader. How does George Washington compare?

To Tell the Truth

 Three contestants claim to be the same person. Four celebrities question the contestants, then vote for the one they think is the real person. This simple game has endured as a TV classic for over 45 years. Today's assignment pays tribute to the show that asked the burning question... 

 "Will the real ________ please stand up?" 

 With your group you are each to choose a fact for the historical figure assigned you. Use your Biography Handout as a resource. All of your facts should be made false except one. After presenting  your facts in front of the class they will try to guess which is true.  The more realistic/ believable your facts the better chance you have of fooling your classmates and winning the game. 

  

 Do you have what it takes TO TELL THE TRUTH (1969-1978) (2018+)?

Thomas Jefferson

Napolean Bonaparte

Toussaint Louverture

Simón Bolívar

José de San Martín

Miguel Hidalgo

Common Sense

"THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph."    

On January 9th, 1776, the pamphlet "Common Sense" was published in Philadelphia. The pamphlet immediately becomes a bestseller, selling tens of thousands of copies across America. In "Common Sense," Thomas Paine, the author and violent foe of aristocracy and monarchy, attacks the King and Parliament and offers Americans an alternative to British rule: true independence.

Diction and Pathos in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

Paine’s groundbreaking pamphlet Common Sense is not only one of the best selling publications in American history; it was the intellectual spark that lit the fuse for the American Revolution.

So why did only six people show up at his funeral?

In contrast with many of the other Founding Fathers, who came from money, Paine was born into humble circumstances in England. His life was a roller coaster of ups and downs. He won great praise but his writings also generated a great deal of controversy.

Thomas Paine died in New York in 1809. Because of his controversial writings against orthodox religion in The Age of Reason, the local Quaker cemetery refused to let him be buried there. He was buried instead on his farm. In 1819, an English journalist named William Cobbett dug up Paine's bones. Cobbett wanted to give Paine a hero's reburial in England. The plan failed, the British public did not care, and the bones remained in Cobbett’s possession when he died. After that, the bones were scattered and lost.

Should Paine be honored with a musical like Alexander Hamilton?

The Adventures of Thomas Paine’s Bones

You Say You Want a REVOLUTION?

This song was released in 1968. What was it about?

We are about to study revolutions that happened roughly 1750–1900.

Why might people separated by almost 200 years use the same word—"revolution"—to describe political change?

Read the introduction to Chapter 15 and then answer these questions:

WHAT IS A REVOLUTION?

What does "revolution" mean?

Why do people want revolutions?

What are people usually trying to change?

Can a revolution be peaceful?

Is revolution always a good thing?

Who decides whether a revolution is justified?

Rock Me Amadeus!

ROCK ME AMADEUS!

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart came to fame during the Age of Enlightenment. His compositions were informed by the spirit of that era, and Enlightenment ideas were integral to his music, particularly the operas. In fact, whether we would even have some of his most beloved operas without the guiding principles of the age is doubtful.

Mozart’s genius did not spring forth in isolation. In fact, he was very much engaged in the world around him, and his “moment,” so to speak, coincided with the full flowering of the Age of Enlightenment. New thinkers – among them Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot – sought to flush away medieval attitudes about religion and the “divine right” of kings and replace them with a revolutionary faith in reason, order, and science.

WAS MOZART A TROUBLEMAKER OR AN ENLIGHTENMENT HERO AHEAD OF HIS TIME? YOU DECIDE!

Feudalism vs. Free Market

How Accurate is Monty Python's Anarcho-Syndicalist Peasant Scene?

By the High Middle Ages (about 1000–1250 C.E.), Western Europeans had developed the system of feudalism. Feudalism provided people with protection and safety by establishing a stable social order.

Under this system, people were bound to one another by promises of loyalty. In theory, all the land in the kingdom belonged to the monarch (usually a king, but sometimes a queen). A large amount of land was also owned by the Church. The king kept some land for himself and gave fiefs (FEEFS), or land grants, to his most important lords, who became his vassals. In return, each lord had to supply the king with knights in times of war. A lord then enlisted lesser lords and knights as his vassals. At times, these arrangements were written down, and some of these contracts even survive to this day in museums.

At the bottom of the social system were peasants. Lords rented some of their land to the peasants who worked for them. However, some peasants, called serfs, were “tied” to the land they worked, which meant that they could not leave the lord’s land without permission and had to farm his fields in exchange for a small plot of their own.

Why did Feudalism work?  What choice did the peasants have?  Was it fair?

A key figure in the British Enlightenment was the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith. His book The Wealth of Nations laid the foundations for modern economics. Smith believed that a free market was driven by competition and individuals' self-interest. These drivers serve as an "invisible hand" that guides market activity to the benefit of society as a whole.

It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of the society, which he has in view … He intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention.

—Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776

However, Smith also argued that a successful economic system must help the poor. As he wrote: "No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable."

Answer these questions after our in class Feudalsim Activity:

1) Who became wealthy?Why?
2) Who struggled? Why?
3) Did wealth depend on:Your original social class?Your economic decisions?Luck?

4) If you played the game over again what would you do differently?  Why?

5) Compare and conntrast Feudalism to Capitalism.  Which is a better system?  Why?

Gilligan's Island & the Enlightenment

You are stranded on Gilligan's Island. Who gets to make the rules?”

You aren't just trying to survive. You're trying to create a society.

There is no government.

There is no police force.

There is no court.

There is no constitution.

There is no telephone.

There is no way to contact the outside world.

There are seven people—and they have to figure out how to live together.

What happens next?

Who would have the most power?

There is enough food to survive, but not enough for everyone to eat whatever they want.

Someone has to decide how the food will be distributed.

Who decides?

What rules should exist?

Who enforces the rules?

What happens if someone breaks them?

Does everyone get an equal amount?

Does the person doing the most work get more?

Does the person who found the food get more?

Can someone refuse to follow the rules?

Here's the fascinating part: people in Europe during the 1600s and 1700s were wrestling with many of these same questions.

Hobbes might argue:

Without strong authority, the island will descend into chaos.

Locke might argue:

Government exists to protect people's natural rights.

Montesquieu:

Don't give all the power to one person.

Rousseau:

Legitimate government depends upon the people.

Voltaire:

Government shouldn't control people's ideas and beliefs.

Wollstonecraft:

You can't claim to believe in universal rights while excluding half the population.

Chariots of the Gods

 

What if some of the greatest mysteries of human history have been misunderstood?

Imagine standing before the Great Pyramid of Egypt, looking up at millions of enormous stones fitted together with remarkable precision. Or imagine seeing the giant statues of Easter Island, the mysterious lines of Nazca, or ancient drawings that seem to show strange machines and flying objects. Who built these things? How did they do it? And where did their ideas come from?

In Chariots of the Gods, Erich von Däniken takes these questions and pushes them in a dramatic direction. His central idea is controversial: perhaps visitors from other worlds came to Earth thousands of years ago, and ancient people misunderstood these visitors as gods.

Von Däniken travels across history looking for clues. He examines ancient monuments, maps, myths, religious stories, and unusual artifacts. He points to places such as the Egyptian pyramids, the Nazca Lines in Peru, Tiahuanaco in Bolivia, Easter Island, and ancient Maya cities. He argues that some of these achievements seem difficult to explain using the technology we normally associate with ancient civilizations.

He also looks at ancient stories. What if descriptions of gods flying through the sky were not stories about supernatural beings—but memories of real visitors arriving in advanced machines? What if ancient pictures that appear to show strange vehicles or figures in unusual clothing were attempts to record encounters with technology people did not understand?

It is important to remember that Von Däniken's ideas are controversial. He often presents questions and unusual possibilities as evidence for his theories. Many historians and archaeologists disagree with his conclusions and argue that ancient Egyptians were capable of extraordinary engineering without help from extraterrestrials.

As you read, don't simply ask, “Do I believe Von Däniken?”

Ask the historian's questions:

What is the evidence? What other explanations are possible? Is the evidence being interpreted fairly? What information is missing? And what evidence would convince me that the claim is true—or false?

The mystery is not only what happened in the ancient past.

The mystery is also how we know what we think we know about it.

Motel of Mysteries

 "History is a Greek word," wrote British historian Arnold Toynbee, "which means, literally, just investigation." The process of investigating what happened long ago is a process that involves analyzing evidence, determining a source's credibility, and evaluating different points of view about what is important and why.

These are all essential critical-thinking skills, not just for the history classroom, but also for life. You will need to exercise these skills whenever you make an important decision about your own future. These skills will also help you make more informed decisions about public issues as a citizen and voter.

Listen to the story and then use the process of investigation to answer these questions:

1) What historical evidence did the archaelogists find?

2) How credible was the evidence?

3) Evaluate their point of view.  What did they get right?  What did they get wrong?

4) What does this story teach us about our study of the past?

What is History? Why do we study it?

Suppose you are a historian who found this stone etched with a statement.

What questions would you ask about this stone?

How would you use it to interpret the past?

For centuries, scholars puzzled over the hieroglyphs they found carved onto ancient Egyptian ruins, tablets, and papyri. But in 1799, a unique discovery would finally help unlock their meaning. It was a stone inscribed with three different texts: Egyptian Hieroglyphs, Demotic Egyptian, and Ancient Greek. 

Read the introduction in the text, then watch this video in which Franziska Naether shares how scholars decoded the ancient message of the Rosetta Stone.

Ancient Egyptians used hieroglyphs to communicate ideas through pictures and symbols. Today, you're going to create a personal hieroglyph—a symbol that represents YOU.